对美国“公共学校”(common school)中“common”的讨论-清华大学教育研究

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摘要:: 19世纪的美国公共学校运动完成了对美国公共学校的型塑。在美国公共学校中，“公共”一词的变迁事实上与杰克逊时期“平民党”的崛起及其平民主义无关。在18世纪晚期，它与美国独立之后对基于财产的“不言自明的”、“知识共和国”的渴望直接相关，经由19世纪早期工业化、工厂制、移民潮以及城市化的型塑，获得了“一致性”的内涵，并达成了一套科层制系统，进而产生了美国公共教育中的悖论——“常识”领域的集权与“制度”领域的放权、知识传承与服务社会之间的矛盾。

Abstract:: The American Common School Movement in the 19th century shaped the common school in America. In America, the “common” in the Common School was not originated from the populism and the Populist Party in Jackson's era. It derives from the understanding on the belief of the highest sense of common--absolute nature, virtue republic based on the private property and the knowledge, which went through the Industry Revolution and has been reshaped again by the factory system, immigration wave and urbanization to evolve new meanings about the consensus and the bureaucracy system. This made a paradox in the American public education, or, the combination of the centralization of “common sense” and the decentralization of “institute”, and, the knowledge sharing and the society serving.